英文論文：中國(guó)農(nóng)村政策形成機(jī)制研究

英文論文：中國(guó)農(nóng)村政策形成機(jī)制研究

Policy Forming Mechanisms in Rural China[ Sponsored by Center for Social Development, George Warren Brown School of Social Work
Washington University in St. Louis]
中國(guó)農(nóng)村政策形成機(jī)制研究

China Center for Town Reform and Development
National Development and Reform Commission

Abstract: This paper provides an overview of major policy changes in rural China over the past 30 years and then focuses on the discussion of eight policy making mechanism using policy e*amples for illustration. Finally, it briefly discusses the trends in policy making in today’s China.

中文摘要：本文回顧了1978年以來中國(guó)農(nóng)村政策演進(jìn)的四個(gè)階段，分析了各階段的主要政策變化，并在此基礎(chǔ)上重點(diǎn)分析了中國(guó)農(nóng)村政策的8種形成機(jī)制，從政策形成的具體程序和機(jī)制分析反映中國(guó)政府科學(xué)決策的進(jìn)程。

Key words: rural China, reform, policy making, policy making mechanism

Policy Changes since 1978
Economic reform in rural China has been active since December 1978, when the Chinese Communist Party first initiated reforms in hopes of fostering self-sufficiency among farmers. Before the reform, Chinese agriculture was structured in a way that all resources, such as land, tools, equipment, and products, were under the control of people’s communes. Due to the lack of ownership, farmers did not have much motivation to engage in work, and therefore the overall agricultural prod
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ted farmers to engage in agricultural production. The subsequent years saw the household responsibility system thrive in rural China.

As the economic reform progressed rapidly in rural areas, people’s communes as all-in-one rural entities (economic, political, and governmental) became problematic and they became barriers to further economic development. This led to a more audacious reform, and as a result, the rural administrative division was established and the people’s communes collapsed. The growing popularity of the household production system and the collapse of the people’s communes marked the advent of a new era in rural China. On the New Year’s Day of 1984, the central government announced a new decision about e*tending the state lease of land use by farmers. To encourage rural households to invest in the land, the central government promised that the lease period would be at least 15 years. This greatly fortified farmers’ confidence in the government and drove another wave of economic growth.


Diversification of Agriculture Production and Industry (1985-1991)

In March 1981, the central government recommended diversifying agricultural products as the ne*t step for rural economic development in a report, “Multi-production for Aggressive Rural Development.” This recommendation had broad implications for the rural economy, which had previously focused e*clusively on grains. In 1986, the central government e*panded its recommendations for diversification by instituting a ratio of food supply to cash crops, and mandating balanced development of agriculture, forestry, ranching, and fishing.

In January 1985, the central government issued ten guidelines to advance the rural economic reform. Under these guidelines, farmers were no longer required to sell their products to the government e*clusively, and could freely trade their surplus products (with a few e*ceptions) on the market. In addition, the government loosened control over agricultural production, providing guidance to farmers but no longer managing production targets. With the institution of these guidelines, farmers had unprecedented freedom to make decisions about their own economic activities.

The following year (1986), rural reform was once again affirmed by the government. In addition, the role of agriculture in the nation’s economy was recognized and policy and technology were recognized as two impetuses for in rural development.

In 1984, the central government provided policy support for rural enterprises owned/operated by individual households or a set of households. In 1986, the government rela*ed its control over farmers’ non-agricultural industries and enterprises. In the years thereafter, rural enterprises grew rapidly and supplied new blood to the rural economy.


Stability and Marketization (1992-2002)

In 1992, rural reform entered a new phase toward stability and marketization. Major policies in this phase include:
In March 1992, the State Council increased the purchasing price of agricultural products and repealed a policy that allowed the government to purchase agricultural products from farmers at a low price but mandated that sales to urban residents be at a higher price.
In September 1992, to further protect farmers’ interest, the central government promised that the e*isting land lease policy would not change for the ne*t 30 years.
The state council declared its support for rural enterprises and non-agricultural business development.
From 1992 to 2006, the State Council enacted several policies in support of urbanization and township development.


Sustaining Rural Development over Time (2003-present):

It was well recognized that economic growth in rural areas could not be sustained by agriculture alone, and that e*isting rural enterprises could not provide employment for all rural surplus labor. When tens of millions of rural people migrated to cities in search of work, policies that had reinforced a rural-urban duality were called into question. A number of new policies have addressed the needs of rural populations and continue to encourage rural development:

Urban areas are required to develop and improve services for migrating workers and eliminate discrimination toward migrant workers (2003).

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